Chinese Nationalism In The 19th And 20th Centuries History Essay

Chinese Nationalism In The 19th And 20th Centuries History Essay Chinese nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries followed a very different suit than Japans Shà µwa evolution. Similar to Perrys significance in Edo in 1894, the First Anglo-Chinese War (1839-1842) was a significant introduction of Western moral realism and imperialist influence in China. To a larger extent than Japan, Chinas nationalisms were largely born of domestic adversity from influential Chinese figures. Sun Yat-sen once declared: In order to restore our national independence, we must first restore the Chinese nation. In order to restore the Chinese nation, we must drive the barbarian Manchus back to the Changbai Mountains. In order to get rid of the barbarians, we must first overthrow the present tyrannical, dictatorial, ugly, and corrupt Qing government. Fellow countrymen, a revolution is the only means to overthrow the Qing government! Known often as The Father of Nationalism, Sun played a huge part in securing Chinese national identity and overthrowing the reactionary cultural grip of the Quing dynasty. Co-founder of the KMT, Sun set the tone for Maos adoption of Chinese Marxism and the progression to Maoism. The main concern for the Kuomintang, were that its policies and figures inside the party were too varying; that unanimous decisions were a rarity. After the 1911 revolution, the official definition of Chinese was expanded to include non-Han ethnicities as part of a united Chinese nation although Michael Lynch seems to suggest this was due mainly to the realisation that a far too narrow definition of China and being Chinese would result in a loss of important Eastern territory, and that the Manchus were too immersed to be considered an outside group. By the end of the nineteenth century, dichotomies were already proliferating to explain how Chinese orthodoxy could be maintained while importing knowledge from abroad, such as Self sufficiency as essence, promote sincerity as function, defence as essence, war as function, rely on industry for essence, rely on commerce for function, and metaphysics  [1]  for essence, economics for function  [2]  . The best-known example of this is found in Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909), the late Qing dynasty self-strengthening governor general of Hubei and Hunan, who advocated achieving state power through the construction of railroads, heavy industry and a foreign policy based on the balancing principle of use barbarians to control barbarians. His Exhortation to Study, written in 1898, is commonly identified with the ti-yong call to appropriate Western functional knowledge to preserve Chinese essence . As such language demonstrates, the discussion by the self-strengtheners of the Qing dynasty of local military, political and economic issues in terms of world order was already typical of what sociologists would call a globalistic mentality  [3]  . It is this mentality that made it possible for Kang Youweis fellow reformer, Liang Qichao, to import the Chinese term for nationalism from Japan, in articles he wrote between 1899 and 1901.  [4]   After the fall of the Qing, the claim to be able to use Western functional knowledge to preserve Chinese essence remained at the centre of the claim to legitimacy made by nationalist and communist elites. When president Yuan Shikai tried to make himself emperor during the early years of the Chinese Republic, he did so by reviving Confucianism as the state ideology. Sun Yatsen, the National Father, maintained a strong aversion to cosmopolitanism and a belief in the revival of Chinese tradition throughout his life. Chiang Kaishek continued this when he combined propagation of Suns nationalist orthodoxy of the Three Principles of the People with the Confucian morality of the New Life movement after the 1927 Northern Expedition left much of the former empire under Nationalist control. This ideological strategy even survived under the KMT in Taiwan, until the islands democratisation in the 1980s made it unsustainable. The state-centric nature of the fluid international situation described by the three worlds was developed further by the revival of the formula of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, namely: respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; mutual non-aggression; mutual non-interference in internal affairs; equality and mutual benefit; and peaceful coexistence. This has a certain resonance in domestic politics because the Five Priniciples formula is attributed to Zhou Enlai, reinforcing continuity with the popular face of the CCPs past and making a ready counterpart to Zhous Four Modernisations. When Deng revived the slogan of seeking truth from facts during the leadership struggle in September 1978  [5]  he presented Maos theory of the three worlds as useful in domestic politics for distinguishing the correct attitude of maintaining the international conditions that enable the importation of foreign capital, technology and know-how, as opposed to the incorrect branding of economic relations with other countries as a kind of national betrayal  [6]  . Over the years that followed, references to both proletarian internationalism and the three worlds were to be eclipsed by the Five Principles, which came to encapsulate the sovereignty-centred nature of PRC foreign policy. The Communists, too, had to reconcile their Chinese identity with the promise of modernity offered by socialist internationalism. Mao Zedong is said to have achieved the sinification of Marxism. When he claimed leadership of the United Front in the conflict with Japan, he presented the CCP as the true inheritor of what he considered to be the essence of a splendid old culture that was created during the long period of Chinese history and which could be used selectively to develop the new national culture.  [7]  Not only did Mao advocate learning from socialist cultures, but also from capitalist countries in the Age of Enlightenment. Yet, at the same time, he warned, We should not gulp any of this foreign material down uncritically, but must treat it as we do our food-first chewing it, then submitting it to the working of the stomach and intestines with their juices and secretions, and separating it into nutriment to be absorbed and waste matter to be discarded-before it can nouri sh us  [8]   The dilemma of balancing the preservation of political orthodoxy with learning from abroad is even clearer under reform and opening. Chinas leaders since Mao have always been careful to balance the importation of investment and know-how from abroad with a call to build socialism with Chinese characteristics and socialist spiritual civilization, and to insist that the nation combats the tendency of worshipping things foreign, or fawning on foreigners.  [9]   To search for logical consistency in this discourse, however, is to overlook how such actors are not concerned with talking to philosophical circles. The issues they address are essentially political, in the sense that there is no possibility of a logical solution, only the hope of achieving some kind of social compromise. As Zhang Zhidong realised at the end of the Qing dynasty, it is humiliation at the hands of foreigners that provides the conditions under which the apparently incommensurable positions of dogmatic conservatives and radical reformers can be reconciled. Zhang did this by reducing Confucianism to a symbol of loyalty rather than a practical guide for living. In the same way, Chinas leaders under reform and opening have reduced socialism to a symbol of patriotic loyalty, while the technological and market orthodoxies of globalisation have been introduced as the guide for policy. The condition for achieving this, however, is to portray the nation as threatened and humili ated by a coalition of enemies within and abroad, from which only the CCP can promise deliverance. It is thus that the legacy of the impact of colonialism and civil war has made possible the discourse on nationalism and globalisation that is so central to Chinese politics at the start of the new millennium. As for upholding Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought, this does not refer to the ideas of the man who had engineered the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and internationalism. It meant remembering the leader who had allowed the Chinese people to stand up in 1949, the statesman who had formulated the strategy of differentiating the three worlds and personally ushered in a new stage in Sino-American and Sino-Japanese relations. These elements of Maos heritage were further elaborated when the orthodox version of the past appeared in the form of the Resolution on CCP History (1949-81), two years later. In this document, the essence of Mao Zedong thought was presented as the principles to seek truth from facts, the mass line, and independence. The first of these had already become a safer formula than thought emancipation, because it could be presented to mean that the answers to Chinas problems have to be found in Chinese experience and not in foreign teaching. The mass li ne, which had traditionally meant that the Party should canvass the opinions of the general population when developing its policies, was now presented as proof that the Party exists and fights for the interests of the people. Independence was taken to represent Maos belief that China must find its own path to modernity, rejecting any kind of interference in national sovereignty

Essay --

Introduction Sam wakes up, grabs her phone, unlocks it, checks her Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, and then gets up and brushes her teeth, in that order. Whether one choses to acknowledge it or not, computer mediated communication (CMC), and more specifically, social networking websites and applications have become an integral part of ones daily routine. Millions of people across the globe have integrated Social Networking Sites (SNSs) into their everyday lives. Amongst those million, adolescents and young adults spend the most amount of time online communicating with their peers (Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012). Although many of the SNSs have unique networking functions to offer, generally they perform the same way in allowing individuals to: (1) connect with people they already share ties to, and (2) to make new connections based on shared interest or desired qualities (Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012). SNSs are a vastly growing apparatus, but there is still much to be learned about how and if these networks have a direct effect on how individuals communicate face-to-face (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Past and current CMC studies have studied interpersonal communication amongst college aged adults, and late adolescents. However, it is rare to find a study that gives mention to how CMC through SNSs impact FTFC in early adolescents and pre-teens. Understanding how SNS impact face-to-face communication amongst today’s preadolescents can help predict the future of communication. This paper examines existing literature on the use of computer- mediated-communication through social networks and its impact on face-to-face communication amongst adolescents, in hopes that it will identify limitations in past and current studies,... ...nclude the sample not being able to be generalizable to all users of CMC because the participants in the proposed study are preadolescents. The sample size is also too small for it to be generalizable for all preadolescents, and it only focusing in a school setting provides limitations as well. Another limitation that can be assumed is due to the fact that the data being collected is self reported; therefore everything collected must be taken at face value and can be flawed due to selective memory, telescoping, or exaggeration. If access to the schools or parental consent is denied, this could be a big limitation as well. The objective of the current proposed study was to gain insight into how CMC through SNSs affect FTFC in early adolescents. Hopefully researchers will see the value of this study and they will be inspired to conduct further research on the topic.

Deception Point Page 32

Ming's lungs were screaming for oxygen. He held his breath, still trying to kick toward the surface. Breathe! He fought the reflex, clamping his insensate lips together. Breathe! He tried in vain to swim upward. Breathe! At that instant, in a deadly battle of human reflex against reason, Ming's breathing instinct overcame his ability to keep his mouth closed. Wailee Ming inhaled. The water crashing into his lungs felt like scalding oil on his sensitive pulmonary tissue. He felt like he was burning from the inside out. Cruelly, water does not kill immediately. Ming spent seven horrifying seconds inhaling in the icy water, each breath more painful than the last, each inhalation offering none of what his body so desperately craved. Finally, as Ming slid downward into the icy darkness, he felt himself going unconscious. He welcomed the escape. All around him in the water Ming saw tiny glowing specks of light. It was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen. 37 The East Appointment Gate of the White House is located on East Executive Avenue between the Treasury Department and the East Lawn. The reinforced perimeter fence and cement bollards installed after the attack on the Marine barracks in Beirut give this entry an air that is anything but welcoming. Outside the gate, Gabrielle Ashe checked her watch, feeling a growing nervousness. It was 4:45 P.M., and still nobody had made contact. EAST APPOINTMENT GATE, 4:30 P.M. COME ALONE. Here I am, she thought. Where are you? Gabrielle scanned the faces of the tourists milling about, waiting for someone to catch her eye. A few men looked her over and moved on. Gabrielle was beginning to wonder if this had been such a good idea. She sensed the Secret Serviceman in the sentry shack had his eye on her now. Gabrielle decided her informant had gotten cold feet. Gazing one last time through the heavy fence toward the White House, Gabrielle sighed and turned to go. â€Å"Gabrielle Ashe?† the Secret Serviceman called out behind her. Gabrielle wheeled, her heart catching in her throat. Yes? The man in the guard shack waved her over. He was lean with a humorless face. â€Å"Your party is ready to see you now.† He unlocked the main gate and motioned for her to enter. Gabrielle's feet refused to move. â€Å"I'm coming inside?† The guard nodded. â€Å"I was asked to apologize for keeping you waiting.† Gabrielle looked at the open doorway and still could not move. What's going on! This was not at all what she had expected. â€Å"You are Gabrielle Ashe, are you not?† the guard demanded, looking impatient now. â€Å"Yes, sir, but-â€Å" â€Å"Then I strongly suggest you follow me.† Gabrielle's feet jolted into motion. As she stepped tentatively over the threshold, the gate slammed shut behind her. 38 Two days without sunlight had rearranged Michael Tolland's biological clock. Although his watch said it was late afternoon, Tolland's body insisted it was the middle of the night. Now, having put the finishing touches on his documentary, Michael Tolland had downloaded the entire video file onto a digital video disk and was making his way across the darkened dome. Arriving at the illuminated press area, he delivered the disk to the NASA media technician in charge of overseeing the presentation. â€Å"Thanks, Mike,† the technician said, winking as he held up the video disk. â€Å"Kind of redefines ‘must-see TV,' eh?† Tolland gave a tired chuckle. â€Å"I hope the President likes it.† â€Å"No doubt. Anyhow, your work is done. Sit back and enjoy the show.† â€Å"Thanks.† Tolland stood in the brightly lit press area and surveyed the convivial NASA personnel toasting the meteorite with cans of Canadian beer. Even though Tolland wanted to celebrate, he felt exhausted, emotionally drained. He glanced around for Rachel Sexton, but apparently she was still talking to the President. He wants to put her on-air, Tolland thought. Not that he blamed him; Rachel would be a perfect addition to the cast of meteorite spokespeople. In addition to her good looks, Rachel exuded an accessible poise and self-confidence that Tolland seldom saw in the women he met. Then again, most of the women Tolland met were in television-either ruthless power women or gorgeous on-air â€Å"personalities† who lacked exactly that. Now, slipping quietly away from the crowd of bustling NASA employees, Tolland navigated the web of pathways across the dome, wondering where the other civilian scientists had disappeared to. If they felt half as drained as he did, they should be in the bunking area grabbing a catnap before the big moment. Ahead of him in the distance, Tolland could see the circle of SHABA pylons around the deserted extraction pit. The empty dome overhead seemed to echo with the hollow voices of distant memories. Tolland tried to block them out. Forget the ghosts, he willed himself. They often haunted him at times like these, when he was tired or alone-times of personal triumph or celebration. She should be with you right now, the voice whispered. Alone in the darkness, he felt himself reeling backward into oblivion. Celia Birch had been his sweetheart in graduate school. One Valentine's Day, Tolland took her to her favorite restaurant. When the waiter brought Celia's dessert, it was a single rose and a diamond ring. Celia understood immediately. With tears in her eyes, she spoke a single word that made Michael Tolland as happy as he'd ever been. â€Å"Yes.† Filled with anticipation, they bought a small house near Pasadena, where Celia got a job as a science teacher. Although the pay was modest, it was a start, and it was also close to Scripps Institute of Oceanography in San Diego, where Tolland had landed his dream job aboard a geologic research ship. Tolland's work meant he was away for three or four days at a time, but his reunions with Celia were always passionate and exciting. While at sea, Tolland began videotaping some of his adventures for Celia, making minidocumentaries of his work onboard the ship. After one trip, he returned with a grainy home video that he'd shot out of the window of a deepwater submersible-the first footage ever shot of a bizarre chemotropic cuttlefish that nobody even knew existed. On camera, as he narrated the video, Tolland was practically bursting out of the submarine with enthusiasm. Literally thousands of undiscovered species, he gushed, live in these depths! We've barely scratched the surface! There are mysteries down here that none of us can imagine! Celia was enthralled with her husband's ebullience and concise scientific explanation. On a whim, she showed the tape to her science class, and it became an instant hit. Other teachers wanted to borrow it. Parents wanted to make copies. It seemed everyone was eagerly awaiting Michael's next installment. Celia suddenly had an idea. She called a college friend of hers who worked for NBC and sent her a videotape. Two months later, Michael Tolland came to Celia and asked her to take a walk with him on Kingman Beach. It was their special place, where they always went to share their hopes and dreams. â€Å"I have something I want to tell you,† Tolland said. Celia stopped, taking her husband's hands as the water lapped around their feet. â€Å"What is it?† Tolland was bursting. â€Å"Last week, I got a call from NBC television. They think I should host an oceanic documentary series. It's perfect. They want to make a pilot next year! Can you believe it?† Celia kissed him, beaming. â€Å"I believe it. You'll be great.† Six months later, Celia and Tolland were sailing near Catalina when Celia began complaining of pain in her side. They ignored it for a few weeks, but finally it got too much. Celia went in to have it checked out. In an instant, Tolland's dream life shattered into a hellish nightmare. Celia was ill. Very ill.

Positive Habits of Relationships in the Book Fall in Love...

Positive Habits of Relationships in the Book Fall in Love Stay in Love by Wilard Harley Willard Harley, the author of His Needs Her Needs, has written a follow up book discussing the insights and techniques for building and sustaining the feeling of love in marriage. The name of this book is Fall In Love Stay In Love. The objective for this book is to help people fall in love by learning how to meet each others needs, and it goes further by showing what habits to avoid in order to stay in love. This book has very realistic concepts because Harley is speaking from experience. He is a marriage counselor and has used his philosophy on bringing couples together in a loving relationship many times. If a family were to take the steps†¦show more content†¦He says, Most people regard the feeling of love as one of lifes great and wonderful mysteries. Its certainly great and wonderful, but as I have already mentioned, its not a mystery. I have found the feeling of love to be quite predictable. And its the predictability that makes my job possible. One of the main focuses of Fall In Love Stay In Love is dealing with what Harley calls love bank deposits. This could be one of the most influential insights of the book. This section deals with how to care for each other. The book talks about two different types of love, romantic love and caring love. For the author, the only way to reach romantic love is to first have a deep caring love. In order to reach the full capacity of this caring love, he gives a step-by-step lesson on how to deposit positive love units into the spouses love bank. There was a fascinating concept that Harley brought up in chapters five and six, concerning both his and her most important emotional needs. Harley describes what an emotional need is by saying, An emotional need is a craving that, when satisfied, makes us feel happy and fulfilled and, when unsatisfied, makes us feel unhappy and frustrated. There were five emotional needs listed for each sex. For men the needs were: sexual fulfillment, recreational co mpanionship, physical attractiveness, admiration, and domestic support. For women the